In 2016, American politics was turned upside down by the Obama-Trump voter, but in 2024 we have an even stranger phenomenon: the AOC-Trump voter. Trump won the first time thanks to many voters (making up an estimated 13 percent of his support) who had previously voted at least once—and often twice—for the first African American president. In his third presidential bid, Trump drew unexpectedly robust support in congressional districts that also supported strongly left-wing Democrats such as Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib. Strikingly, Trump improved his standing by more than 11 percent over 2020 in the district of another member of “the squad,” Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, even as the congresswoman herself won by a landslide with 68.9 percent of the vote.

The existence of AOC-Trump voters might puzzle those who view politics solely along the left-right spectrum. After all, Trump is a man of the hard right and AOC is a fiery leftist.

But left-right isn’t the only relevant taxonomy in politics. Ben Kawaller of The Free Press interviewed AOC-Trump voters for an illuminating TikTok video in which some expressed anger at inflation while others complained about Kamala Harris’s record as a hard-nosed prosecutor. One African American woman said, “Kamala Harris is a puppet.” When Kawaller asked, “A puppet of who?,” the woman responded, “A puppet for the system.”

In that succinct phrase, “a puppet for the system,” we get to the heart of why Donald Trump won in 2016 and 2024—both times running as an anti-system politician channeling the anger of voters who are deeply frustrated by the status quo. In those elections, the choice was between Trump the disruptor and rivals who presented themselves as defenders of a basically good system—one that might need some tinkering around the edges but required no fundamental changes. In 2020, Trump himself had the misfortune of being the face of the unpopular status quo: a nation not just ravaged by Covid but also wracked by a massive uprising against police violence. In that election, Trump wasn’t the enemy of the Man; he was the Man. This helped Joe Biden (bolstered by his co-option of Bernie Sanders’s economic populism) win the largest popular-vote total in American history: 81 million votes. When all the votes have been counted for 2024, Harris will have about 75 million—a decrease of roughly 6 million.

Not just in America but in other advanced democracies around the world, the most salient cleavage right now is not left versus right but system versus anti-system. In his important book Anti-System Politics (2020), Jonathan Hopkin, a political scientist at the London School of Economics, argues that the 2008 global financial crisis broke the neoliberal consensus that had dominated Western countries since the 1980s and opened the door to politicians on both the left and right who challenged the status quo. During the period of neoliberal ascendancy, the model of market competition held sway, Hopkin writes, and “the main political parties progressively converged around this market liberal model, emptying electoral democracy of much of its meaning, as established political elites increasingly resembled a ‘cartel’ offering a limited range of policy options.”

When neoliberalism imploded in 2008, the path was set for anti-system politicians of the right (Trump, Matteo Salvini in Italy, Viktor Orbán in Hungary) preaching xenophobia and economic nationalism, but also for anti-system movements of the left (Podemos in Spain, Syriza in Greece, Bernie Sanders’s insurgency within the Democratic Party) advocating egalitarian economics.

As Hopkin wisely observes, “Rather than dismissing anti-system politics as ‘populism,’ driven by racial hatred, nebulous foreign conspiracies, or an irrational belief in ‘fake news,’ we need to start by understanding what has gone wrong in the rich democracies to alienate so many citizens from those who govern them.”

In American politics, Republicans were taken over by an anti-system movement (Trump’s MAGA), while Democrats defeated and subsumed their anti-system challenge (some major Sanders policies were adopted by Biden, but the working-class rage articulated by Sanders and his most fervent supporters was not echoed by party leaders).

Strikingly, in response to Trump, both Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris adopted pro-system rhetoric that cast them as defenders of a status quo threatened by a dangerously unstable interloper. Both candidates cited the support they received from Republicans (Christine Todd Whitman and John Warner for Clinton, Liz and Dick Cheney for Harris) as well as from retired military officers and Wall Street titans (Michael Bloomberg, Mark Cuban). While Democrats were touting their endorsements from these pillars of the establishment, Trump’s own gestures of bipartisanship were in the opposite direction: He gathered around himself former Democrats who’d been marginalized by the party for heterodox (and at times undeniably crackpot) opinions on vaccines (Robert F. Kennedy) and foreign policy 
(Tulsi Gabbard).

In a postelection lament, Sanders accurately noted, “The Democrats ran a campaign protecting the status quo and tinkering around the edges. Trump and the Republicans campaigned on change and on smashing the existing order. Not surprisingly, the Republicans won.”